When robots interact with humans in homes, roads, or factories the human's behavior often changes in response to the robot. Non-stationary humans are challenging for robot learners: actions the robot has learned to coordinate with the original human may fail after the human adapts to the robot. In this paper we introduce an algorithmic formalism that enables robots (i.e., ego agents) to co-adapt alongside dynamic humans (i.e., other agents) using only the robot's low-level states, actions, and rewards. A core challenge is that humans not only react to the robot's behavior, but the way in which humans react inevitably changes both over time and between users. To deal with this challenge, our insight is that -- instead of building an exact model of the human -- robots can learn and reason over high-level representations of the human's policy and policy dynamics. Applying this insight we develop RILI: Robustly Influencing Latent Intent. RILI first embeds low-level robot observations into predictions of the human's latent strategy and strategy dynamics. Next, RILI harnesses these predictions to select actions that influence the adaptive human towards advantageous, high reward behaviors over repeated interactions. We demonstrate that -- given RILI's measured performance with users sampled from an underlying distribution -- we can probabilistically bound RILI's expected performance across new humans sampled from the same distribution. Our simulated experiments compare RILI to state-of-the-art representation and reinforcement learning baselines, and show that RILI better learns to coordinate with imperfect, noisy, and time-varying agents. Finally, we conduct two user studies where RILI co-adapts alongside actual humans in a game of tag and a tower-building task. See videos of our user studies here: https://youtu.be/WYGO5amDXbQ

当人类与机器人互动时，不可避免地会影响。考虑一辆在人类附近行驶的自动驾驶汽车：自动驾驶汽车的速度和转向将影响人类驾驶方式。先前的作品开发了框架，使机器人能够影响人类对所需行为的影响。但是，尽管这些方法在短期（即前几个人类机器人相互作用）中有效，但我们在这里探索了长期影响（即同一人与机器人之间的重复相互作用）。我们的主要见解是，人类是动态的：人们适应机器人，一旦人类学会预见机器人的行为，现在影响力的行为可能会失败。有了这种见解，我们在实验上证明了一种普遍的游戏理论形式主义，用于产生有影响力的机器人行为，而不是重复互动的有效性降低。接下来，我们为Stackelberg游戏提出了三个修改，这些游戏使机器人的政策具有影响力和不可预测性。我们最终在模拟和用户研究中测试了这些修改：我们的结果表明，故意使他们的行为更难预期的机器人能够更好地维持对长期互动的影响。在此处查看视频：https：//youtu.be/ydo83cgjz2q

人类可以利用身体互动来教机器人武器。这种物理互动取决于任务，用户以及机器人到目前为止所学的内容。最先进的方法专注于从单一模态学习，或者假设机器人具有有关人类预期任务的先前信息，从而结合了多个互动类型。相比之下，在本文中，我们介绍了一种算法形式主义，该算法从演示，更正和偏好中学习。我们的方法对人类想要教机器人的任务没有任何假设。取而代之的是，我们通过将人类的输入与附近的替代方案进行比较，从头开始学习奖励模型。我们首先得出损失函数，该功能训练奖励模型的合奏，以匹配人类的示范，更正和偏好。反馈的类型和顺序取决于人类老师：我们使机器人能够被动地或积极地收集此反馈。然后，我们应用受约束的优化将我们学习的奖励转换为所需的机器人轨迹。通过模拟和用户研究，我们证明，与现有基线相比，我们提出的方法更准确地从人体互动中学习了操纵任务，尤其是当机器人面临新的或意外的目标时。我们的用户研究视频可在以下网址获得：https：//youtu.be/fsujstyveku

人类可以利用身体互动来教机器人武器。当人类的动力学通过示范引导机器人时，机器人学习了所需的任务。尽管先前的工作重点是机器人学习方式，但对于人类老师来说，了解其机器人正在学习的内容同样重要。视觉显示可以传达此信息；但是，我们假设仅视觉反馈就错过了人与机器人之间的物理联系。在本文中，我们介绍了一类新颖的软触觉显示器，这些显示器包裹在机器人臂上，添加信号而不会影响相互作用。我们首先设计一个气动驱动阵列，该阵列在安装方面保持灵活。然后，我们开发了这种包裹的触觉显示的单一和多维版本，并在心理物理测试和机器人学习过程中探索了人类对渲染信号的看法。我们最终发现，人们以11.4％的韦伯（Weber）分数准确区分单维反馈，并以94.5％的精度确定多维反馈。当物理教授机器人臂时，人类利用单维反馈来提供比视觉反馈更好的演示：我们包装的触觉显示会降低教学时间，同时提高演示质量。这种改进取决于包裹的触觉显示的位置和分布。您可以在此处查看我们的设备和实验的视频：https：//youtu.be/ypcmgeqsjdm

当机器人与人类伴侣互动时，这些合作伙伴通常会因机器人而改变其行为。一方面，这是具有挑战性的，因为机器人必须学会与动态合作伙伴进行协调。但是，另一方面 - 如果机器人理解这些动态 - 它可以利用自己的行为，影响人类，并指导团队进行有效的协作。先前的研究使机器人能够学会影响其他机器人或模拟药物。在本文中，我们将这些学习方法扩展到现在影响人类。使人类特别难影响的原因是 - 人类不仅对机器人做出反应 - 而且单个用户对机器人的反应可能会随着时间而改变，而且不同的人类会以不同的方式对相同的机器人行为做出反应。因此，我们提出了一种强大的方法，该方法学会影响不断变化的伴侣动态。我们的方法首先在重复互动中与一组合作伙伴进行训练，并学会根据以前的状态，行动和奖励来预测当前伙伴的行为。接下来，我们通过对机器人与原始合作伙伴学习的轨迹进行采样轨迹迅速适应了新合作伙伴，然后利用这些现有行为来影响新的合作伙伴动态。我们将最终的算法与跨模拟环境和用户研究进行比较，并在其中进行了机器人和参与者协作建造塔楼的用户研究。我们发现，即使合作伙伴遵循新的或意外的动态，我们的方法也优于替代方案。用户研究的视频可在此处获得：https：//youtu.be/lyswm8an18g

人类和机器人之间的物理互动可以帮助机器人学习执行复杂的任务。机器人臂通过观察人类在整个任务中指导它的方式来获得信息。虽然先前的作品专注于机器人如何学习，但它同样重要的是，这种学习对人类教师透明。显示机器人不确定性的视觉显示可能会传达此信息;然而，我们假设视觉反馈机制错过了人类和机器人之间的物理连接。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种柔软的触觉显示，它缠绕在机器人臂的表面并符合机器人臂的表面，在现有的触点点添加触觉信号，而不会显着影响相互作用。我们展示了软致动力如何产生突出的触觉信号，同时仍然允许在设备安装中的灵活性。使用心理物理学实验，我们表明用户可以准确地区分包裹展示的通胀水平，平均韦伯分数为11.4％。当我们在机器人操纵器的ARM周围放置包裹的显示器时，用户能够在样本机器人学习任务中解释和利用触觉信号，从而改善机器人需要更多培训的区域的识别，并使用户能够提供更好的演示。查看我们的设备和用户学习的视频：https://youtu.be/tx-2tqeb9nw

许多生物，包括各种种类的蜘蛛和毛毛虫，都会改变其形状以切换步态并适应不同的环境。从可拉伸电路到高度变形的软机器人，最近的技术进步已经开始使变化的机器人成为可能。但是，目前尚不清楚应如何以及何时发生变化以及可以获得哪些功能，从而导致各种未解决的设计和控制问题。为了开始解决这些问题，我们在这里模拟，设计和构建一个软机器人，该机器人利用形状变化来在平坦和倾斜的表面上实现运动。在模拟中对该机器人进行建模，我们在两个环境中探索了它的功能，并证明了特定于环境特定形状和步态的存在，这些形状和步态成功地转移到了物理硬件中。我们发现，改变形状的机器人在模拟和现实中比等效但不正确的机器人更好地遍历这些环境。

Accurate determination of a small molecule candidate (ligand) binding pose in its target protein pocket is important for computer-aided drug discovery. Typical rigid-body docking methods ignore the pocket flexibility of protein, while the more accurate pose generation using molecular dynamics is hindered by slow protein dynamics. We develop a tiered tensor transform (3T) algorithm to rapidly generate diverse protein-ligand complex conformations for both pose and affinity estimation in drug screening, requiring neither machine learning training nor lengthy dynamics computation, while maintaining both coarse-grain-like coordinated protein dynamics and atomistic-level details of the complex pocket. The 3T conformation structures we generate are closer to experimental co-crystal structures than those generated by docking software, and more importantly achieve significantly higher accuracy in active ligand classification than traditional ensemble docking using hundreds of experimental protein conformations. 3T structure transformation is decoupled from the system physics, making future usage in other computational scientific domains possible.

Variational autoencoders model high-dimensional data by positing low-dimensional latent variables that are mapped through a flexible distribution parametrized by a neural network. Unfortunately, variational autoencoders often suffer from posterior collapse: the posterior of the latent variables is equal to its prior, rendering the variational autoencoder useless as a means to produce meaningful representations. Existing approaches to posterior collapse often attribute it to the use of neural networks or optimization issues due to variational approximation. In this paper, we consider posterior collapse as a problem of latent variable non-identifiability. We prove that the posterior collapses if and only if the latent variables are non-identifiable in the generative model. This fact implies that posterior collapse is not a phenomenon specific to the use of flexible distributions or approximate inference. Rather, it can occur in classical probabilistic models even with exact inference, which we also demonstrate. Based on these results, we propose a class of latent-identifiable variational autoencoders, deep generative models which enforce identifiability without sacrificing flexibility. This model class resolves the problem of latent variable non-identifiability by leveraging bijective Brenier maps and parameterizing them with input convex neural networks, without special variational inference objectives or optimization tricks. Across synthetic and real datasets, latent-identifiable variational autoencoders outperform existing methods in mitigating posterior collapse and providing meaningful representations of the data.

Differentiable Architecture Search (DARTS) has attracted considerable attention as a gradient-based Neural Architecture Search (NAS) method. Since the introduction of DARTS, there has been little work done on adapting the action space based on state-of-art architecture design principles for CNNs. In this work, we aim to address this gap by incrementally augmenting the DARTS search space with micro-design changes inspired by ConvNeXt and studying the trade-off between accuracy, evaluation layer count, and computational cost. To this end, we introduce the Pseudo-Inverted Bottleneck conv block intending to reduce the computational footprint of the inverted bottleneck block proposed in ConvNeXt. Our proposed architecture is much less sensitive to evaluation layer count and outperforms a DARTS network with similar size significantly, at layer counts as small as 2. Furthermore, with less layers, not only does it achieve higher accuracy with lower GMACs and parameter count, GradCAM comparisons show that our network is able to better detect distinctive features of target objects compared to DARTS.